Creation of social grouping
-who has access to resources?
Ex. property and wealth
-Political alliances
-who will raise children
-who will marry whom
-Subsistence strategies affect social groups
Ex. Foragers and pastoralists tend to keep groups with kin (except groups with age sets)
The Band
-Small groups for mobility
- face to face
-membership flexible
-social leveling
Leadership
-no power but authority and influence are temporary
Ex. Wise Woman, Medicine Man, Designated Driver
-types of decisions: migration, food distribution, resolve conflicts
Horticulture: cultivation of crops using only hand tools
Ex. Yanomami
-extended families form core work group
-children work more (caring for siblings, fetching fuel, hauling water)
-gender roles are clearly defined
The Tribe
Organized through kin
-corporate: several bands with similar lifestyle and language
-lineages: members trace descent from common ancestor
-clan: members trace descent from mythical beings
-ascribed: born into
-achieved: work to get
-part time authority
Pastoralism: animals are private property and land is shared with use rights
-kin is basic unit
-gender roles
-mobile
-tribes and chiefdoms
Chiefdoms (Ex. Maasai)
-permanent leader
-supernatural authority
Ex. Muhammed
-leadership is ascribed
solve conflicts and lead wars
Confederacies
-chiefdoms are joined
Ex. Nuer
-Segmentary lineages: close kin stand together against distant family
-Marriage is the heart of political and economic alliances
Agriculture: growing crops by use of fertilizer and plowing
-intensive strategy: continuous use of the same land
-permanent settlements
-large population
-large amount of occupational specialization
States
- religious beliefs and symbols tied to state
- hierarchal and patriarchal- male control over technology and war
-power to manipulate info
Ex. taxing
-Power of central gov't to coerce
Ex. draft
The four P's
Power- equal ability to control
Property- equal access to land
Prestige- class
Pleasure- anything not covered above
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